Examine Martin Luther King's language in "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and how he appeals to his audience using various rhetorical techniques. Point out examples of his rhetoric using quotes, identify the rhetorical device being used and explain how and why his rhetorical language is effective and influential based on the rhetorical device employed.
Give at least 3 rhetorical examples (one of each: ethos, pathos, logos). You may NOT repeat any more than 1 quote used from ANY previous posts AND, YOU CANNOT use a quote we discussed in class (so first come, first serve!). If you use a quotes that are also present in previous posts, you must say/suggest something NEW, that has not already been said about that quote. In other words, no repeating what someone else has posted!
The post is due by the BEGINNING of next class (10/5).
Have fun!
In Martin Luther King's "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", we can see a great use of rhetoric mainly consisting of the three main types of ethos, pathos and logos. He conveys his authority (ethos) through the use of statements that compare him to other authority figures that were persecuted for following what they believed to be right. He was arrested for standing up against an unfair law, to which he responds with the following in his letter. "Isn't this like condemning Socrates because his unswerving commitment to the truth... Isn't this like condemning Jesus because His unique God-consciousness and never ceasing devotion to His will..?" He conveys the timeliness of his cause by appealing to the emotion of frustration after having been put off for so long by talking about the Negro experience. "For years now I have heard the word 'wait.' It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This 'wait' has almost always meant 'never.' It has been a tranquilizing thalidomide, relieving the emotional stress... only to give birth to an ill-formed child of frustration." Lastly, he uses logical reasoning to justify his use of civil disobedience to achieve the goal of civil rights in contrast to the more radical actions of other black civil rights groups. "Over the last few years I have consistently preached that nonviolence demands that the means we use must be as pure as the ends we seek. So I have tried to make it clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends."
ReplyDeleteHIO LONG LEI
ReplyDeleteETHOS: “All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damage the personality... urges them to disobey segregation ordinances because they are morally wrong.”Mr. King builds up credibility for his idea about the unjust law by using the quotation of famous Philosopher and Theologians. Philosopher and Theologians are professional of the field of determine the natural of law; therefore Mr. King is using their quota in his letter.
PATHOS:”I hope this letter finds you strong in the faith…love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all of their scintillating beauty.” He uses the emotional way here to encourage people join his side and not to give up of fighting for their right. He uses the image of how beautiful the life and this nation will be after they successfully achieve their goal to encourage people and light up their hope.
LOGOS:” We can never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was "legal"… I believe I would openly advocate disobeying these anti-religious laws.” He use what Hitler had done to be an example of unjust law. He logically states that not every law is just and we should be able to identify which is just and which is not. At this time, we should stand up to against the unjust law, just like we have to stand up to against what Hitler had done.
Ethos: When Martin Luther King Jr. uses a few examples of people who would have been consider “extremists” since he was being considered one for his march in Birmingham. “Was not Jesus an extremist in love? –“Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you.” Another comparison he makes is one of Abraham Lincoln, “Was not Abraham Lincoln and extremist?”—“This nation cannot survive half slave and half free.” He MLK Jr. is using ethos showing the audience or reader that other credible people would have been or are considered “extremists” for their stances on certain subjects. By inserting these sources in his letter it is a way of trying to get more people to open up to his ideas and side with him.
ReplyDeleteLogos: “Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The urge for freedom will eventually come. This is what has happened to the American Negro. Something within has reminded him of his birthright of freedom; something without has reminded him that he can gain it.” Here MLK Jr. is using pathos by trying to explain to readers that the types of freedom they are trying to gain are a right and they are being withheld from them. He is trying to reach out to his audience (people who stand with or against him) and get them to realize that sooner or later African Americans will fight for their rights and what they believe they deserve.
Pathos: “But the judgement of God is upon the church as never before. If the church of today does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the early church, it will lose its authentic ring, forfeit the loyalty of millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no meaning for the twentieth century. I meet young people every day whose disappointment with the church has risen to outright disgust.” Here MLK Jr. is using pathos to try and get the churches to side with them. He is doing this by telling the religious audience that if some of them don’t speak out to help them, they will damage their image even more than some African Americans already see it. If they don’t get the support from the churches then God may judge them differently when the time comes.
Amerika Gillett
ReplyDeleteIn Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" he uses rhetoric in the form of ethos, pathos, and logos in order to defend his right and moral ground for organizing peaceful protest activities in support of the civil rights of African Americans. Mr. King establishes his credibility by appealing to authority and reputation when he says, "I am thankful, however, that some of our white brothers have grasped the meaning of this social revolution and committed themselves to it. They are still too small in quantity, but they are big in quality. Some, like Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden, and James Dabbs, have written about our struggle in eloquent, prophetic, and understanding terms" (4). MLK reveals to the readers here that these people who are not of color understand and have written about the African American struggle. By mentioning these people MLK is establishing his credibility by saying look even people from the other side understand what we are going through. In addition to ethos, MLK also appeals to the audiences emotions when he mentions this "wait" that people of color must go through to overcome segregation. He states, "But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity;---then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait"(2). Mr. King appeals to the audiences emotions by describing the graphic things African Americans had to witness on a daily basis because of segregation. Lastly, Mr. King appeals to logos through the use of rhetorical questions. An example of logos is shown when MLK is explaining the logic of a peaceful protest being condemned because it precipitates violence. Mr. King states, "But can this assertion be logically made? Isn't this like condemning the robbed man because his possession of money precipitated the evil act of robbery? Isn't this like condemning Socrates because his unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical delvings precipitated the misguided popular mind to make him drink hemlock?--- Society must protect the robbed and punish the robber"(3). Mr. King appeals to logic at this point by asking rhetorical questions causing the audience to really think about it, and thus coming to the conclusion that what he is saying does in fact make sense in reference to the "logic" of the opposing side.
Marcos Sanchez
ReplyDeletePathos: “I guess it’s easy for those who have never felt the stinging facts of segregation to say, “Wait.” But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim”. MLK uses “Pathos” in this quote. He uses this effectively to present a “sorrow” emotion towards the reader by evincing what actually happened to African Americans during segregation times. MLK mentions that it’s “easy” to say “wait”, when you don feel the pain and suffering that the black community is enduring.
Ethos: “One may well ask, “how can one advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?” The answer is found in the fact that there are two types of laws.” MLK believes that there are two laws but doesn’t have any credibility it’s just an opinion that he has. The two types of law MLK states are a “just” law and “unjust” law, either way it’s still just one law even though it might be unfair to some.
Logos: “There was a time when the church was very powerful. It was during that period when the early Christians rejoiced when they were deemed worthy to suffer for what they believed.” Back in the day the church was very powerful, but during the civil rights movement MLK points out that the church has lost its value. Instead of believing in the spirit of the church and bring people closer under one god, the church has divided. He points out that if they don’t change their ways it will be the down fall of the church.
Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" showcases numerous appeals falling under the categories of logos, pathos, and ethos. First and foremost, King establishes his credibility in the very opening paragraph when he mentions that he and his "secretaries...would have no time for constructive work" if he were to address "all of the criticisms that crossed [his] desk" (1). The fact that he has secretaries already signals that he is one in command. This frank assertion is a firm intimimidation tactic, likely to be directed towards the clergymen and policy makers rather than commoners.
ReplyDeleteFurther on, pathos can be noted by creating a vision of unity shared by all Americans. He claims that, "We will reach the goal of freedom in Brimingham and all over the nation, because the goal of America is freedom" (18). Important is the fact that e doesn't explicitly define who "we" is referring to. In this way, he's appealing to the emotional side all humans share overlooking race, religion, ethnicity, etc. By unification, he's able to create a feeling of belonging in striving for a central cause. Any reader could value the feeling of belonging and thus be persuaded or affected by his statement.
Finally, an evidence of logos is evident just shortly following the quote aforementioned. The entire first paragraph of the eighteenth page is a summary of what the African Americans had done during the onset of slavery. King goes on further to highlight the endurance of the enslaved throughout two centuries of servitude. He claims that if they could have persevered then, then the black community can persevere now and overcome discrimination. He parallels the two situations to show that there's hope and ultimately a chance to achieve equality.
Fidencio Daproza
ReplyDeleteEthos:In "Letter From A Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King states,"I had hoped that the white moderate would understand that law and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice, ad that when they fail to this they become the dangerously structured dams tha block the flow of social progress"(10). He uses ethos in the essence of white moderates because he wants them to realize negative tension between African Americans and white moderates. King uses "nonviolent direct action" as a means to bring African Americans and white moderates closer together.
Pathos: "But i am sure that if I had lived in Germany during that tie I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers even though it was illegal"(9). He uses pathos in the essence that no matter what what race or religion someone is they have the personality to help one another. King uses Hitler as an example of unjust laws.
Logos: "Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and establish such creative tension that a community that has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue"(4). He uses logos by telling readers that nonviolent direct action can be a peaceful way to negotiate with opposing sides. King's method of nonviolent direct action cannot be ignored.
Ethos: "Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid." By comparing himself to the Apostle Paul, MLK seeks to frame his position against the Clergymen's criticisms. The Apostle Paul is a figure greatly revered by the Clergymen, and his story would be instantly and understood on several levels within the context of MLK's jail sentence. Paul was a victim of persecution because of his beliefs and his missionary work. Also, history has proven out that Paul had a tremendous effect on Christianity's core theological beliefs. Like Paul, MLK was dedicated to fighting against persecution and was also a victim in the same way. Through the filters of history it can be said that MLK had an equally profound effect on Civil Rights that Paul had on Christianity.
ReplyDeletePathos: "But, oh! How we have blemished and scarred that body [of Christ] through social neglect and through fear of being nonconformists." MLK uses a metaphor that would have deep impact on the Clergymen. The body of Christ is a sacred thing. MLK puts the post-flagellation whip into the audience's hand saying that they "scarred that body." He is saying the clergy has sinned in a most egregious way against something, the Church, and someone, Jesus, things that they profess to love.
Logos: "I can assure you that it would have been much shorter if I had been writing from a comfortable desk, but what else can one do when he is alone in a narrow jail cell, other than write long letters, think long thoughts and pray long prayers?" MLK uses logos to make a very funny jab at his critics, and in the same sentence, positions himself, his thoughts, and his actions, well above them. He is "apologizing" for the length of the letter, but it is truly an empty gesture. Not directly stated outright, MLK is contrasting himself with his critics, the Clergymen. The clergymen are the ones who write "shorter" letters from their "comfortable desks." MLK is in jail, doing nothing but working on himself in a hard place. He is putting the time into developing himself towards the battle of Civil Rights. He is making sure his spirit, his resolve, and his platform are beyond reproach and very exercised. MLK is saying they are not on his level. MLK is saying that his position and his thoughts on the matter are beyond the reproach of the Clergymen, because he has put more and harder time into the matter than they have, or that they are willing to endure. Therefore MLK's position is superior to theirs.
Ethos: "We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was "legal" This is more of an anti-Ethos. MLK is saying in a backwards way that the Clergymen would support Hitler if they were in Germany.
DeletePathos: "White moderate" MLK uses the story of the white moderates. In a way he is saying that the clergymen are behaving like the white moderates. This comparison would have aroused the ire of the clergymen very deeply. Calling them no better than white moderates basically.
Logos: "Like a boil that can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be opened with all its ugliness to the natural medicines of air and light, injustice must be exposed..." MLK uses a medical comparison to illuminate his position. The logic is that the boil must be excised in order to heal. In the same way, injustice must be excised, there will be pain and discomfort but it is the only way to heal.
Solana Murray
ReplyDeleteEthos: In King's letter he uses ethos by saying "Individuals may see the moral light and voluntarily give up their unjust posture; but, as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups are more immoral than individuals." This quote uses ethos by using a saying from Niebuhr who is a credible source and he uses his saying to prove what he had stated before to make it valid.
Pathos: The quote "When you have to concoct an answer for a five year old son in agonizing pathos, "Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?" he uses an emotional appeal by mentioning a child with a sort of cry for help. Also the word agonizing points to pathos because it shows the emotions the kid is experiencing.
Logos: In King's letter he uses logos when he states "Elijah Muhammad's muslim movement. This movement is nourished by the contemporary frustration over the continued existence of racial discrimination." This shows a logical appeal because he is giving the literal definition of what Muhammad's group or movement stands for.
Diego Carlos
ReplyDeleteMartin Luther King's "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" is a great reference for using the three different modes of persuasion. In the context of his letter, he seeks to address how he urged people in power to take down racial signs in stores. He uses Ethos, or appeal to authority when he says: "Reverend Shuttleworth and the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights agreed to call a moratorium on any type of demonstration... As the weeks and months unfolded, we realized we were the victims of a broken promise. The signs remained." This is an example of Ethos because King's claim is relevant to the right people when it comes to having the power to remove the humiliating racial signs from stores in that neighborhood. His claim is stronger because he proves that there is inaction within these relevant, influential people who shouldn't just be ignoring a part of the constituents they serve.
King makes an appeal to emotion when he mentions the heroes from Birmingham that keep the fire of the movement alive. He states: "...for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer, and their amazing discipline in the midst of the most inhuman provocation... They will be old, oppressed, battered, Negro women, symbolized in a seventy-two-year-old woman of Montgomery, Alabama, who rose up with a sense of dignity and with her people decided not to ride segregated buses." When King mentions the dire daily experience of the oppressed that he seeks to save, he makes an appeal to the emotions of his various audience with the letter including the aforementioned white moderate and church leaders.
In King's claim that the great stumbling block in the stride of Negro's freedom is the white moderate, he uses Logos to prove how he arrived to this conclusion. He states: "the white moderate who is more devoted to order than to justice; ...who constantly says,"...I can't agree with your methods of direct action."; who paternalistically feels that he can set the timetable for another man's freedom.... Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection." In this claim, he establishes a distinction between groups that outright reject the movement and those who passively agree with it. The former is a minority but the latter makes up the majority of America. With this logic, he makes his claim stronger when it comes to enacting change for the conditions wherein the Negros lives with.
Martin Luther King Jr. utilizes the three rhetorical forms pathos, ethos and logos, in his "Letter From Birmingham Jail" in order to offer a convincing response to criticisms of the Birmingham civil rights protests made by clergymen of the black religious communities of the South. King begins by recounting all the events that have led up to his arrest. He immediately acknowledges his position of authority and leadership within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which is a direct appeal to ethos. "I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliate organizations all across the south- one being the Alabama Christin Movement for Human Rights." King's tenure within these Civil Rights groups grants him significant credibility. His vital position in the movement as well as his comprehensive understanding of the parties involved in such protest, permits the reader to be persuaded by the authors accurate, intelligent portrayal of the events taking place. King goes on to draw eloquent analogies between himself and religious prophets. "Just as the eight century prophets left their little villages and carried their 'thus saith the Lord' far beyond the boundaries of their home towns...I too am compelled to carry the Gospel of freedom beyond my particular home town. " King's use of pathos pulls directly on the heart strings of the religious leaders he writes to who will find it hard to dismiss the fervently christian qualities of his mission. Following these remarks, King offers his own critique of the church leaders by pointing out an inconsistency in their dissatisfaction with the protests. "You deplore the demonstrations that are presently taking place in Birmingham. But I am sorry that your statement did not express a similar concern for the conditions that brought the demonstrations into being." In other words, why do these leaders loudly voice their concerns in regards to protests, but fail to call out the unjust practices the protests aim to remedy? This intelligent and powerful critique is a good example of logos, an appeal to logic used to bring credibility to ones point.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteNicholas Jackson
ReplyDeleteEthos: On page 5 paragraph 2 MLK criticizes the church stating "But despite these notable exceptions, I must honestly reiterate that I have been disappointed with the church. I do not say that as
one of those negative critics who can always find something wrong with the church. I say it as a minister of the gospel who loves
the church, who was nurtured in its bosom, who has been sustained by its Spiritual blessings, and who will remain true to it as
long as the cord of life shall lengthen." Using his position as a minister he is able to simultaneously show that his criticism is coming from an expert of the subject as well as showing that he's not criticizing the church in bad faith.
Pathos: In paragraph 8 of page 5 King also evokes pathos by calling into question the churches past and present stances on politics; stating "But the judgment of God is upon the church as never before. If the church of today does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the
early church, it will lose its authentic ring, forfeit the loyalty of millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no
meaning for the twentieth century. I meet young people every day whose disappointment with the church has risen to outright
disgust." he uses words like "authenticity" and cites peoples "disgust" with the church in order to appeal to the emotions of church goers who are potentially on the fence about the issues.
Logos: MLK uses a logos based argument on paragraph 9 page 3 stating " Isn't this like condemning the robbed man because his possession of money precipitated the
evil act of robbery? Isn't this like condemning Socrates because his unswerving commitment to truth and his philosophical
delvings precipitated the misguided popular mind to make him drink the hemlock? Isn't this like condemning Jesus because His
unique God-consciousness and never-ceasing devotion to His will precipitated the evil act of crucifixion? We must come to see,
as federal courts have consistently affirmed, that it is immoral to urge an individual to withdraw his efforts to gain his basic
constitutional rights because the quest precipitates violence. Society must protect the robbed and punish the robber." The point being that it follows that you can't blame a person's reasonable response to injustice even if it means that person must break the law. The argument is convincing because the examples he uses are of people and events that are universally accepted as being "just."
Ernesto Villalpando
ReplyDeleteEthos: “You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court’s decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, it is rather strange and paradoxical to find us consciously breaking laws. One may well ask. ‘How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying other?’ The answer is found in the face that there are two types of laws: there are just laws, and there are unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that ‘An unjust law is no law at all’” ( King 3). In this quote King appeals to ethos. He refers to the St. Augustine and his ideas of how unjust laws are not laws at all. King argues that all laws should be obeyed not just some of them. For instance, King relates to the Supreme Court’s ruling of 1954 outlawing segregation in public schools but at the time certain public schools were not obeying this law.
Pathos: ”We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have never engaged in a direct action movement that was ‘well timed’ according to the timetable of those who have not suffered unduly form the disease of segregation. For years now i have heard the word ‘wait’. It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This ‘wait’ has almost always mean t’never’” (King 2). In this quote King appeals to pathos. King is appealing to his audience’s emotions, he wants the clergymen to understand understand the point of view of the oppressed and not just the oppressors. King says that he has never acted on a good time according to his oppressors and that he has been told to wait but his “right” time to act has never been given to him, which is why he, the oppressed, acts on his own and fights for his own rights. By appealing to emotion King is able to get his message across in an effective manner.
Logos: “There are just a few examples of unjust and just laws. There are some instances when a law is just on its face and unjust in its application. For instance, I was arrested Friday in a charge of parading without a permit. Now, there is nothing wrong with an ordinance which requires a permit for parade, but when the ordinance is used to preserve segregation and to deny citizens the First Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and peaceful protest, then it becomes unjust” (King 3). In this quote King appeals to logos. King got arrested on the charge of parading without a permit, this makes sense. It does not make sense that King was exerting his First Amendment right of peaceful assembly and protest. By appealing to logic King is able to express is claim on how just certain laws are executed.
ETHOS : King builds on his credibility as a religious man by confessing his disappointment with the church while pointing out that he is "a minister of the gospel, who loves the church; who was nurtured in its bosom... and who will remain true to it as long as the cord of life shall lengthen." He effectively retains his credibility as a religiously devoted man to make a stronger claim against the flaws of the church.
ReplyDeletePATHOS : One of King's strongest pathos appeals is the feeling of urgency he instills in his audience regarding the issue of racial injustice. He effectively uses repetition when he says "Now is the time to make real the promise of democracy and transform our pending national elegy into a creative psalm of brotherhood. Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity." His repetitive use of the phrase "now is the time" at the start of his sentences invokes a strong call to action from the audience.
LOGOS : King appeals to logic in support of his claim that breaking an unjust law isn't necessarily wrong. He argues that someone who "breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law." Although breaking the law is typically seen as a disrespectful defiance of the law, King's logic explains why this is not the case for an attempt to correct an unjust law.
Logos: “You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court’s decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, it is rather strange and paradoxical to find us consciously breaking laws. One may well ask, “How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?” The answer is found in the fact that there are two types of laws: there are just laws, and there are unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that “An unjust law is no law at all”” (3).
ReplyDeleteThis paragraph appeals to logos because King makes a claim about there being two types of laws and breaks down the meaning of each. He starts off by saying “you” and directs the paragraph at a specific audience, who he says are feeling anxious because they now realize that protesters have the guts to break laws in order to gain justice for the cruel behavior against them. He asks a question that he then answers with the claim of there being two types of laws: just laws and unjust laws.
Ethos: “But as I continued to think about the matter, I gradually gained a bit of satisfaction from being considered an extremist. Was not Jesus an extremist in love? – “Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, pray for them that despitefully use you.” Was not Amos an extremist for justice? – “Let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.” Was not Paul an extremist for the gospel of Jesus Christ? – “I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus.” Was not Martin Luther an extremist? – “Here I stand; I can do no other so help me God.” Was not John Bunyan an extremist?” (4)
Here, King uses the appeal ethos. This appeal is brought to notice by his use of well-known extremists in order to justify the fact that other people are referring to him as one. He also gives a line that each person is known to have said at some point, therefore, further justifying his unconcern for being called such. This goes to show that he intends to establish credibility by pointing out leaders who are viewed in a positive perspective despite being extremists.
Pathos: “But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society … There comes a time when the cup of endurance runs over and men are no longer willing to be plunged into an abyss of injustice where they experience the bleakness of corroding despair. I hope, sirs, you can understand our legitimate and unavoidable impatience” (2).
Pathos is the appeal being noticeably used in this paragraph. King’s desperate tone and his use of various examples about people of color enduring on a daily basis, shows the impatience that he is dealing with and it expresses just how dangerous one specific race of people’s lives are because they are being targeted for mistreatment. It is through these many examples in which he tries to explain to his audience that they will never understand why he and other people of color are growing impatient for justice and respect, because they have never/will never experience it.
Josue Huarcaya
ReplyDeleteEthos: "I came across your recent statement calling our present activities unwise and ultimately." King is arguing and making his point heard despite the criticism he received for making a peaceful protest against segregation and due to his protest was put into jail upsetting those that peacefully wanted to be marching for a better life.
Pathos: "when you have to concoct an answer for a five-year old son asking in agonizing pathos, "daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean? King is describing the harsh reality that African Americans faced during those times of segregation. In which they were treated with disrespect and thus affecting children which are more vulnerable and can scar them forever.
Logos: "Before the pen of Jefferson scratched across the pages of history the majestic word of the Declaration of Independence we were here." King makes a statement that although the declaration of Independence was signed to free Americans from British, they failed to keep their word and free the slaves within the country.
Ethos: King establishes his authority from the start of the letter, writing, "I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia." (King)1 quote meaning He also establishes his authority by comparing himself to no less of a person than the Apostle Paul, and refers to Socrates as a model, showing he is an educated man.
ReplyDeletePathos: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly."quote ... What he's saying is that the lives of ALL Americans are so intertwined and influenced by everyone else that an injustice to one individual anywhere in the United States is a threat to justice for everybody. You may think that an injustice which happens to someone doesn't affect you, but it does in a roundabout. chain
Logos: Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of police brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in this nation. These are the hard, brutal, and unbelievable facts."(king3)explaining in terms why he is in Birmingham, and appealing to people's emotions with examples of what racism has done to black people, he writes a strongly persuasive letter arguing for racial equality now.
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